despite Artaxerxes’ authorization, simply to keep peace in the volatile western reaches of the empire. Whatever their calculus, it is clear that they were increasingly alarmed by the success of the building project. Their anger (Neh 4:1 [ET 4:7]) made them willing to take drastic and risky actions to prevent the wall’s completion. The posting of a Judean guard did have a detrimental psychological effect on the Judean builders. The presence of the guard constantly reminded the workers that Sanballat
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